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slow steaming
Slow steaming refers to the practice of operating transoceanic cargo ships, especially container ships, at significantly less than their maximum speed.〔 An analyst at National Ports and Waterways Institute stated in 2010 that nearly all global shipping lines were using slow steaming to save money on fuel.〔〔
Slow steaming was adopted in 2007 in the face of rapidly rising fuel oil costs (July 2007 to July 2008: 350 to 700 USD/tonne).〔 According to Maersk Line, who introduced the practice in 2009–2010,〔〔 slow steaming is conducted at .〔 Speeds of were used on Asia-Europe backhaul routes in 2010.〔 Speeds under are called super slow steaming.〔 Marine engine manufacturer Wärtsilä calculates that fuel consumption can be reduced by 59% by reducing cargo ship speed from 27 knots to , at the cost of an additional week's sailing time on Asia-Europe routes.〔 It adds a comparable 4-7 days to trans-Pacific voyages.〔 Lowering speed reduces fuel consumption because the drag imparted by a fluid increases exponentially with every increase in speed. Thus traveling twice as fast requires four times as much power (and therefore fuel), which is why driving an automobile at requires less than 85% of the power required by the same automobile driving at . Although lowering speeds lowers the power requirements, the total practical amount of speed reduction is limited by other factors, such as economically viable total voyage time, and the fact that a ships engine and propeller are designed to operate within a certain range of RPM's. Attempting to steam too slowly will place the engine and propeller outside their most efficient range, and will therefore begin to counteract the benefits. Although some ships are being placed in service that are designed to steam most efficiently at slower speeds, the great cost of building a ship and need to remain competitive means that radical changes are unlikely until conditions merit such a risk.
The large container ship ''Emma Maersk'' can save 4,000 metric tons of fuel oil on a Europe-Singapore voyage by slow steaming.〔 At a typical USD 600-700 per tonne,〔 this works out to USD 2.4-2.8 million fuel savings on a typical one-way voyage.
Maersk's Triple E class of ships was designed for slow steaming, with hulls optimized for lower speeds and actually has less powerful engines than its predecessors.〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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